A rolling resistance model RRM has been created and parametrised with the purpose of modelling tyre rolling resistance within complete vehicle dynamics simulations. The RRM is based on a combination of the Masing and Zener models to simulate the Payne effect and the viscoelastic properties of rubber. The parametrised model is able to recreate the relationship between the rolling resistance and the tyre deformation well and it has a low computational power requirement.
Today the model is limited to simulation of free-rolling tyres on a flat surface, but it can be extended to also include the effects of changes in operating conditions such as wheel angles or road surface. The rapid increase in electric vehicles EVs and installed photovoltaic systems PV has resulted in new challenges for electric systems, e. Grid owners cannot directly control the power consumption of the end consumers. However, by the design of transparent tariffs, economic incentives are introduced for the end consumers to adjust their EV charging patterns.
In this work, the main objective is to design a time-of-use pricing tariff to reduce the voltage variations in a low-voltage grid when introducing PVs and EVs with smart charging. Data from an existing low-voltage grid and hourly data from household power consumption, together with models of PV and EV charging, are used to simulate the voltage fluctuations based on the modified electric consumption. The results show that a time-of-use pricing tariff taking into consideration maximum peak power is important to reduce grid voltage variations.
Another observation is that the use of economic incentives, such as subsidies when selling power from the household, combined with V2G technology can be economical for households but increases the voltage variations in the grid. Under a low-temperature environment, electric vehicles face serious environmental adaptability problems, and efficient vehicle thermal management strategies are urgently needed. This paper presents a novel engine- battery coupled thermal management strategy for connected hybrid electric vehicles HEVs.
An improved system structure for an engine-battery coupled thermal management system engine-battery CTMS is designed to avoid unnecessary heat loss. The control requirements of the engine-battery CTMS include minimum engine fuel consumption, minimum power battery aging damage and minimum system energy consumption, which constitutes a multi-objective optimal control problem in a finite time domain.
