Ahmed Talal Ali a , Muthik A. Guda b , Amjad I. Oraibi c , Issam K. Salih d , A. E-mail: haider. The structure of the catalyst platform was fully characterized using spectroscopic analyses. Moreover, the catalytic activity of [Fe 3 O 4 Cu II Met Pro-H 2 ] was investigated in a one-pot synthesis of a variety of functionalized ethers in reasonable to excellent yields through Ullman reaction in an aqueous environment using various aryl halides, phenol, and Cs 2 CO 3 and without using any external Cu-reducing agents.
Notably, gentle catalytic conditions, quick reaction times, applicability, low cost, and preventing dangerous chemicals and solvents during synthesis and catalytic application are some of the superior properties of the [Fe 3 O 4 Cu II Met Pro-H 2 ] complex. Furthermore, the catalyst can be reused for several runs at least eight times without remarkable loss in efficiency. Regarding the use of aryl halide-phenol cross-coupling technique, highly functionalized diaryl ethers may be produced in a more straightforward and time-efficient manner.
The Ullmann reaction, which is used in the synthesis of the functionalized diaryl ethers, necessitates the presence of severe reaction conditions, an extended reaction duration, and an inert environment. Numerous procedures using various reagents have been described so far for the Ullmann synthesis of diaryl ethers.
Metformin consists of a 1,1-dimethyl-biguanide structure, in which two guanide molecules are bonded together, with a mode of action and application comparable to other biguanides. On the other hand, the presence of an NH 2 group at the end of the molecule chain gives it a special ability for further functionalization. The influence of the solvent on the model reaction was then examined entries 7β12, Table 1. Accordingly, the good yield in water prompted the use of green solvents.
Thus, a variety of sustainable mediums was investigated to provide a high yield of the required product. Initially, we performed the reaction in nonpolar solvents; but no substantial yield was detected entries 7β9, Table 1. Significantly, considering reactions that occur on water, the hydrophobic nature of the reactants causes them to come closer together, leading to an increase in reaction rates.
